About Cannabis
Cannabinoids
CBC: The specific plant enzymes cascade and "direct" the breakdown product into one of three lines. For CBC, it converts from CBGA into CBCA and then finally to CBC after exposure to heat or ultraviolet light.
May alleviate pain, inflammation, brain cells, acne, cancer and depression.
CBD: One of the most crucial important qualities of CBD is it's lack of psycho-activity.
May alleviate pain, fight cancer, reduce inflammation, treat mood disorders, epileptic seizures.
CBDA: When decarboxylation occurs by exposing the cannabis plant to either heat or sunlight, CBDA converts to CBD. In other words, CBDA is the raw form or predecessor to CBD.
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CBDV: Like CBD, CBDV is not intoxicating when isolated, so it won't cause the euphoric high associated with THC.
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CBE: Cannabielsoin is one of the non-psychoactive cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant.
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CBG:
Benefits: Glaucoma, Regulates mood, Appetite loss, Bacterial infections, Bladder dysfunction, Colon cancer, Inflammatory bowel disease.
CBGA: Most of that CBGA research has focused on sustainable production of THCA for pharmaceutical and research uses. This research specifically has looked at the mechanism of converting CBGA into THCA
Researchers have demonstrated a consistent way of replicating the cannabinoid in a species of yeast known as Pichia pastoris, one that is widely used for recombinant DNA protein. Research teams have even done computational modeling to optimize production, and in 2019, a California research team published their work on complete synthesis of cannabinoids, including CBGA, from yeast derivatives.
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CBL: Cannabicyclol is created through the degradation of another marquana compound - CBC. When the cannabinoid
cannabichromene (CBC) decays from light exposure, it turns into CBL. While both CBC and CBL occur in much smaller amounts than cannabinoids like THC or CBD, a plant usually has more CBC than CBL.
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CBN: CBN is a non-intoxicating compound that is best known as the cannabinoid created when THC ages. For that reason, it's usually present in high amounts in older cannabis. While this might be a turn-off for some, others seek out older cannabis just to enjoy the effects of CBN.
Here are a few of the potential benefits of CBN currently being explored in research. Keep in mind, current research on CBN is limited with very few studies demonstrating its effects in the human body.
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CBT: Cannabitriol (CBT) is one of the minor cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. CBT was first discovered in 1966 by Obata and Ishikawa, but its chemical structure was later determined by researchers in 1976.
As of now, there are nine known types of CBT. CBT is not always present in cannabis, but when it is, its concentration is always very low. Because of this, it has been very difficult for scientists to extract and study.
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THCA: All of the major cannabinoids present in cannabis come from the "mother of all cannabinoids" - cannabigerolic acid (CBGA).
As the cannabis plant matures, enzymes which are unique to each cannabis strain convert the CBGA into some combination of the three major cannabinoid precursor compounds: tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabichromenic acid (CBCA).
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THCP: The molecular structures of THC and THCP are almost identical. The thing that distinguishes them is a part of their make-up called a 'side alkyl chain.'
An alkyl chain is a string of carbon and hydrogen atoms attached to a molecule. In THC, the alkyl chain consists of five carbon atoms. However, in THCP, it consists of seven. it is this difference in the length of the alkyl chain that changes the effects of the chemical. It appears that having more carbon atoms in its side chain makes THCP far more potent than THC.
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THCV: As its name suggests, THCV is similar to THC in molecular structure and psychoactive properties, but it provides a variety of pronounced and altogether different effects. A note for vaporizer enthusiasts: THCV has a boiling point of 428 °F (220 °C), so you'll need to turn it up higher than you would THC.
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DELTA-8 THC: The main value of this cannabinoid lies in its low potency, which translates into lower psychoactivity. When taken in high doses, delta-8-THC has shown to cause lower levels of anxiety than its relative delta-9-THC. This lower potency, together with the substance's array of medical benefits, prompted researchers to look deeper into its conversion, concluding that, generally speaking, delta-B-THC produces similar psychoactive effects to delta-9-THC but is 50 to 75 per cent less potent.
May Alleviate: Among the above uses, delta-8-THC has proven particularly effective at reducing nausea and stimulating the appetite, two applications that have already been patented in the U.S. As a result, the cannabinoid could be of great help to patients undergoing cancer treatment, who often suffer from nausea. Moreover, Delta-8-THC has also been found to be particularly suitable for children.
DELTA-9 THC: Like all other main cannabinoids found in cannabis, delta-8-THC is synthesized from cannabigerolic acid or CBGA, the acidic form of CBG. Often referred to as "cannabis' stem cell", CBGA is the parent molecule responsible for producing a number of other cannabinoids including THCA, which is synthesized in mature cannabis from this stem cell molecule. When the plants are harvested and exposed to heat or UV light, the THCA they contain is decarboxylated, losing a CO, molecule and becoming delta-9-THC - or simply THC - after which it is transformed into delta-8-THC by oxidation.
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Terpenes
ABOUT ALPHA-PINENE
Alpha-pinene (a-pinene) is one of the most notable and familiar terpenes that people are in contact with regularly. Because it is most popularly used in ordinary household products, cleaners, and even turpentine (a solvent commonly used as a paint thinner) the average person may use it without appreciating that, as a terpene, it also has a variety of therapeutic properties.
a-pinene is the primary terpene found in pine trees which gives them their characteristic "piney fresh" scent. While a-pinene is the most familiar and commonly found terpene in nature and is found in pine and conifer trees, rosemary, and orange peels, B-pinene is responsible for the more earthy aromas such as those found in basil, dill, parsley, and hops.
Although both a-pinene and f-pinene often exist in the same plant, it is the isolated extraction of a-pinene that allows for the harnessing of the terpenes therapeutic and medicinal properties. a-pinene is also a critical component in priming the human body to receive the healing benefits of CBD' through the endocannabinoid system. So when a-pinene is used in tandem with high-quality CBD products, the "entourage effect" indicates some highly powerful medicinal uses.
a-pinene is found in many popular cannabis strains including Jack Herer, Dutch Treat, OG Kush, Blue Dream, ChemDawg, Trainwreck, Romulan, Island Sweet Skunk, Strawberry Cough, and Bubba Kush.
THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS
ANALGESIC: RELIEVES PAIN
ANTIBACTERIAL: SLOWS BACTERIAL GROWTH
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: REDUCES INFLAMMATION
SYSTEMICALLY
ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE: INHIBITS CANCER CELL GROWTH
ANTIOXIDANT: PREVENTS OXIDATION DAMAGE TO OTHER
MOLECULES IN THE BODY
ABOUT BETA-CARYOPHYLLENE
Beta-caryophyllene (ß-caryophyllene) is perhaps the most commonly encountered terpene in both nature and household products. it is found in an abundance of cannabis strains as well as non-cannabis plants. ß-caryophyllene's distinctive flavor and aroma contributes to the spiciness of black pepper and is also abundant in basil, copaiba, black caraway, oregano, lavender, allspice, fig, roman chamomile, cloves, hops, cinnamon, ylang-ylang, and rosemary. Because it is so frequently encountered in foods, it is one of the few terpenes that the FDA recognizes as "safe" to consume in large doses.'
To summarize terpenes versus cannabidiol (CBD) - terpenes are the isolated oil of a plant that makes up the plant's natural flavor and scent. Alternatively, CBD is the naturally occurring oil in a cannabis plant that provides the non-psychoactive feeling of calm and wellbeing while also activating the human endocannabinoid system (ECS).
Typically, when a terpene is combined with CBD, the terpene contributes to what is known as the entourage effect, which enhances the therapeutic and quality of experience that a consumer might have. ß-caryophyllene is unique because it is a terpene possessing its own therapeutic qualities while activating the ECS without the addition of CBD.
While ß-caryophyllene is widely found in a variety of non-cannabis plants, it is also found in high ratios in the cannabis strains Royal Cookies, OG Kush, White Widow, Death Star, Blueberry Cheesecake, Candyland, GSC, Cookies and Cream, GG4, Purple Punch.
ANALGESIC: PAIN RELIEF
ANTIBACTERIAL: SLOWS AND COMBATS BACTERIAL GROWTH
ANTIDEPRESSANT: RELIEVES SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION
ANXIOLYTIC: HELPS RELIEVE ANXIETY
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: REDUCES SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION
ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE: INHIBITS CANCER CELL GROWTH
ANTIOXIDANT: PREVENT OXIDATION DAMAGE TO MOLECULES
AND CELLS IN THE HUMAN BODY
NEUROPROTECTIVE: SLOWS DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM & BRAIN
ABOUT BETA-PINENE
Beta-pinene (B-pinene) is one of the two isomers of pinene, along with its sibling alpha-pinene (a-pinene). f-pinene is most known for it's a woody and piney smell. It is one of the main compounds released by forest trees.'
Pinene is one of the most common terpenes in the plant world and is produced in significant quantities by basil, cedar, pine, and conifer trees, dill, eucalyptus, oranges, parsley, rosemary, and hundreds of other plants, including cannabis.
Because both B-pinene and a-pinene share the same plant sources, they also share similar therapeutic qualities and characteristics. The main differentiator between these two terpenes is their smell. Whereas a-pinene possesses the unmistakable fresh and earthy scent (think pine and rosemary), P-pinene has a fresh, woody, and spicy aromatic quality (think dill, parsley, basil or hops).
Beta pinene molecule
ß-pinene is present in a wide array of Sativa dominant cannabis plants such as Jack Herer, Dutch Treat, Romulan, Blue Dream, Island Sweet Skunk, OG Kush, Bubba Kush, ChemDawg, God Bud, LA Confidential, Mango Haze, Strawberry Cough, Haze Berry, Royal Jack, and Trainwreck.
ANALGESIC: PAIN RELIEF
ANTIBACTERIAL: SLOWS AND COMBATS BACTERIAL GROWTH
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: REDUCES SYSTEMATIC INFLAMMATION
IN THE BODY
ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE: INHIBITS CANCER CELL GROWTH
ANTIOXIDANT: PREVENTS OXIDATION DAMAGE TO MOLECULES
AND CELLS IN THE HUMAN BODY
NEUROGENERATIVE: PROMOTES THE HEALTH OF
NEUROLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTHY BRAIN FUNCTION
BRONCHODILATOR: INCREASE AIRFLOW TO THE LUNGS
ABOUT EUCALYPTOL
Eucalyptol is a monoterpenoid and cyclic ether and is also commonly known as cineole. Eucalyptol not surprisingly got its name from eucalyptus, of which it's the primary terpene. Eucalyptol comprises over 80% of the total in the essential oils from eucalyptus trees, and it's also found in tea tree, mugwort, bay leaves, sweet basil, rosemary, sage, and cannabis.
Eucalyptol is utilized as an ingredient in many products you associate with minty-freshness, including mouthwash, toothpaste, and cough suppressants. It is also prominent in the wellness industry for its use in aromatherapy, massage lotions, and oils.
A variety of cannabis strains contain eucalyptol including Bubba Kush, Headband, Super Silver Haze, and Girl Scout Cookies.
ANALGESIC: RELIEVES PAIN
ANTIBACTERIAL: SLOWS BACTERIAL GROWTH
ANTI-FUNGAL: INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF FUNGUS
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: REDUCES INFLAMMATION
SYSTEMICALLY
ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE: INHIBITS CANCER CELL GROWTH
ANTIOXIDANT: PREVENTS THE DAMAGE OF OXIDATION TO
OTHER MOLECULES IN THE BODY
ABOUT LIMONENE
Limonene, a cyclic monoterpene, has a pungent citrusy, bitter odor and flavor. Unsurprisingly, limonene's highest concentrations are found in citrus fruits. Limonene also occurs naturally in a variety of other trees and herbs including pine, rosemary, mint, fennel, and juniper.
A terpene with a broad range of uses, limonene is commonly used in perfumes, household cleaners, food, and medicines. Limonene's widespread use is largely due to its very low toxicity.
Limonene, like myrcene, is one of the most abundant terpenes found in cannabis. Some of the many strains containing limonene include Cookies and Cream, Dirty Girl, Lemon G, Liberty Haze, Emerald Jack, and Shining Silver Haze.
ANTIBACTERIAL: SLOWS BACTERIAL GROWTH
ANTIMICROBIAL: DESTROYING OR INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF
MICROORGANISMS
ANTIFUNGAL: INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF FUNGUS
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: REDUCES INFLAMMATION
ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE: INHIBITS CANCER CELL GROWTH
ANXIOLYTIC: RELIEVES ANXIETY
GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX: REDUCES ACID REFLUX
IMMUNOSTIMULANT: STIMULATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ABOUT LINALOOL
Linalool is one of the most recognizable aromas of all the terpenes.' Linalool is a common terpene found in cannabis but is also naturally occurring in many flowers and spice plants. Over 200 species of plants produce linalool, but it's best known for giving lavender its distinctive flavor and aroma. Linalool is found mainly in the families lamiaceae (mint and other herbs), lauraceae (laurels, cinnamon, rosewood), and Rutaceae (citrus fruits), but also birch trees and other plants from tropical to boreal climate zones. It's even been found in some fungi.
A natural relaxant, linalool is often used in aromatherapy as a sleep aid and has been utilized as a treatment for anxiety for thousands of years. linalool exhibits calming and sedative effects when inhaled, along with lower aggression and higher social engagement. Linalool has been linked to a variety of health benefits? including analgesic, anxiolytic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antibacterial effects.
Linalool makes up a significant portion of lavender essential oil, which has reported anti-agitation and antidepressant effects,' most likely due to its activity on the NMDA receptor. Linalool is also crucial in the production of vitamin E in the body.
Linalool is used as a scent in up to 80% of perfumed hygiene products and cleaning agents, including soaps, detergents, shampoos, and lotions. Linalool extract can be applied directly to the skin or inhaled. Additionally, linalool is used by pest professionals as a flea, fruit fly, and cockroach insecticide and some mosquito-repellent products.
Some well-known cannabis strains containing high levels of linalool are Amnesia Haze, Special Kush, Lavender, LA Confidential, and OG Shark.
ANTIBACTERIAL: SLOWS BACTERIAL GROWTH
ANTIMICROBIAL: DESTROYING OR INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF
MICROORGANISMS
ANTIFUNGAL: INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF FUNGUS
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: REDUCES INFLAMMATION
ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE: INHIBITS CANCER CELL GROWTH
ANXIOLYTIC: RELIEVES ANXIETY
GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX: REDUCES ACID REFLUX
IMMUNOSTIMULANT: STIMULATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ABOUT MYRCENE
Myrcene is a monoterpene, the smallest of terpenes, and is found in very high concentrations in sweet basil, hops, mangos, and cannabis. Myrcene gets its name from Myrcia sphaerocarpa, a medicinal shrub from Brazil high in myrcene. Myrcene is described as having an earthy, fruity clove-like odor, but can be very pungent in higher concentrations, such as in heavily hopped beers. Not surprisingly, hops and cannabis are cousins, both members of the family cannabaceae.
Myrcene was discovered to be the most abundant terpene in many cannabis strains. Other terpenes in the 1997 study' include pinene, limonene, carene, humulene,
bergamotene, terpinolene, and caryophyliene. For some strains, myrcene is over half the total terpene content.
Myrcene is vital in the formation of other terpenes, and it synergizes the antibiotic potential of other terpenes. Myrcene allows for more absorption of cannabinoids by the brain by changing the permeability of cell membranes. Myrcene
works with cannabinoids (THC, CBD, C8G, CBC, CBN) to achieve better results than it they were isolated.
Top cannabis strains containing myrcene include 06 kush, Remedy, 9 Pound Hammer, Grape Ape, 7P0G, Ak-47, Granddaddy Purple, Blue Dream, Tangle, and Harlequin.
ANTIBACTERIAL: SLOWS BACTERIAL GROWTH
ANTIMICROBIAL: DESTROYING OR INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF
MICROORGANISMS
ANTIFUNGAL: INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF FUNGUS
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY: REDUCES INFLAMMATION
ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE: INHIBITS CANCER CELL GROWTH
ANXIOLYTIC: RELIEVES ANXIETY
GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX: REDUCES ACID REFLUX
IMMUNOSTIMULANT: STIMULATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
ABOUT TERPINOLENE
Terpinolene is one of the many terpenes in the terpinene and pinene family. While they all share the same molecular formula, weight, and construction, the placement of the double carbon bond differentiates them. This defines their unique synergistic qualities when combined with CBD products for therapeutic benefits.' Terpinolene, like its cousin a-pinene, is commonly found in many household products while its pure isolated properties go unrecognized. Terpinolene's scent is more complex than many more well-known terpenes. It can be smoky, woody, floral, herbal, and occasionally citrusy, and is often used for these aromatic qualities in soaps, perfumes, and some insect repellents.
While most commonly found in a drity of botanicals such as lac, tea tree, nutreg, pine trees, apples, and cumin, terpinolene can also be found in an array of
cannabis plants that have sativa dominance.
a son a chine and Soul tea tocoa, sent Stol, si, super Jack, Lemon Sour Diesel, Afghani, Jean Guy, Super Lemon Haze, Arian's Have
#3, Sour Tangie, Snowcap, Shipwreck, and Sour Tsunami, Terpinolene is often present in lower ratios than other terpenes in a specific strain, making it perhaps the least common terpene.
ANTIBACTERIAL: SLOWS BACTERIAL GROWTH
ANTI-FUNGAL: INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF FUNGUS
ANTI-INSOMNIA: AIDS WITH SLEEP
ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE: INHIBITS CANCER CELL GROWTH
ANTIOXIDANT: PREVENTS OXIDATION DAMAGE TO OTHER MOLECULES IN THE BODY
Flavonoids
Aromadendri
Benefits: Anti-Inflammatory, cancer-fighting propertie.
Butin
Benefits: Reducues oxidative stress-related cell dysfunction.
Cannaflavin-A
Benefits: Anti-Inflammatory, anti-fungal, antioxidant, and cancer-fighting properties.
Cannaflavin-B and Cannaflavin-C
Benefits: Anti-Inflammatory, anti-fungal, antioxidant, and cancer fighting properties.
Catechins
Benefits: Anti-Inflammatory, antioxidant, helps lower cholesterol.
Galangin
Benefits: Anti-oxidative, immunoprotective, cardio protective properties, tumor-fighting properties.
Isovitexin
Benefits: Antioxidant, Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihyperalgesic, and neuroprotective effects.
Hesperetin
Benefits: Improves blood vessels conditions, anti carcinogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory.
Luteolin
Benefits: Anti-oxidative, tumor-fighting properties, anti-inflammatory properties.
Naringin
Benefits: Antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, helps lower cholesterol.
Orientin
Benefits: Antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cardio protective, neuroprotective.
Quercetin
Benefits: Pain relief, reduce inflammation, cardio protective properties, cancer-fighting properties, immunoprotective, eases skin irritation when used topically.
Taxifolin
Benefits: Supports cardiovascular health, improves cognitive function, immunoprotective.
Vitexin
Benefits: Antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihyperalgesic, and neuroprotective effects.
